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modern technology. Most of these products play crucial functions ‘behind the scenes’ in a number of applications in everyday life. They usually offer superior performance that cannot be replicated easily by other materials (Riedel, 2013). Advanced ceramics today play a key role in technologies such as energy and the environment, transport, the life sciences, and communication and information technology (Greil, 2002). The terminology for defining this type of ceramics differs from continent to continent (Kulik, 1999). In the Japanese literature it’s normally referred to as ‘fine’ ceramics, and in American literature as ‘advanced’ or ‘technical’ ceramics (Kulik, 1999). In the European context the term ‘technical’ ceramics is more frequently used (Kulik, 1999). A further classification, depending on the use, is common in the UK, where the term ‘technical ceramics’ is further subdivided into functional ceramics to refer to electronic applications and structural ceramics to refer mostly to mechanically loaded components (Kulik, 1999). Advanced ceramics possess unique properties that cannot be obtained in conventional materials, such as high refractoriness and hardness, low density, low coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), and higher working temperatures (can maintain good mechanical properties at high temperatures). Moreover, there are reports which have proven that the cost of producing ceramic materials is lower compared to metallic materials, and raw material reserves for ceramics are abundant (Kulik, 1999). Resources for the production of metals and their alloys are dwindling, and the continuously increasing demand for engineering products requires alternative materials to be identified. Over the past few decades advanced ceramics have made inroads in a number of critical applications in everyday life. It is noteworthy to mention here that without sparkplugs made of alumina (Al2O3) ceramic, vehicle technology would not be so advanced, moreover metallurgy would not be so reliable without refractories (Kulik, 1999). These are the hard facts behind commonplace products that we normally take for granted. Although ceramics play a crucial role in a number of technologies due to their unique combination of properties, it must be noted that as structural materials they still face stiff competition from cheap metals, alloys, and composites (Kulik, 1999). Thus the major barriers to the broad application of advanced ceramic materials include the lack of specifications and databases, high scale-up costs, and lack of repair methods (Freitag and Richerson, 1998). However, over the years a lot of progress has been made to alleviate these deficiencies through new material discoveries, improvements in properties, and improved design methods (Freitag and Richerson, 1998). Advanced ceramics — the new frontier in modern-day technology: Part I

Advanced ceramics - the new frontier in modern-day technology: Part I