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where P is the furnace power in kW, measured on the primary side of the furnace transformers, and I is the electrode current in kA. The operating resistance is selected by the furnace operator within certain limits, determined by the furnace mix composition, to obtain a satisfactory electrode penetration and good tapping conditions. The normal way of controlling the operating resistance is to operate the furnace on constant electrode current by adjusting the electrode positions, and at the same time maintaining a constant furnace load. The operating resistance depends on the required quality of the product, the raw material properties, the composition of the raw material charge mix, and optimum utilization of electrical energy. For a given process and charge mix composition, it is a matter of experience to find the optimum operating resistance. In the early days of the ferroalloy industry, the fundamental formula in furnace design was the Andreae formula, introducing the kfactor (Andreae, cited in Westly, 1974):

Basic parameters in the operation and design of submerged arc furnaces, with particular reference to production of high-silicon alloys