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insight into the anticipated behaviour of underground excavations. The modelling of ground support, however, is not a trivial exercise. An effective representation of ground support in underground excavations should capture the behaviour of both the rock mass and the support elements. When numerical models are used for design purposes, the complexity of the problem requires significant time and expertise (Sweby, Dight, and Potvin, 2016). At a laboratory scale, numerical models have successfully reproduced the results of laboratory tests on rockbolts by explicit modelling of the bolt, the borehole, and the grout. Chen and Li (2015) used a continuum FLAC3D (Itasca Consulting Group Inc., 2012) model to simulate the mechanical behaviour of D-bolts as observed experimentally. Grasselli (2005) used a 3D finite element code to model the behaviour of fully grouted rods and expandable bolts under shear. At a larger scale, 2D models are most commonly used to capture the behaviour of ground support around excavations. The most severe limitation of these models is the difficulty in taking into account the sequencing of the excavation and the support installation during excavation (Lorig and Varona, 2013). Three-dimensional models can simulate explicitly the progressive advance of excavations. These models are mostly continuum (Vlachopoulos et al., 2013; Vakili et al., 2013; Perman et al., 2007; Beck, Kassbohm, and Putzar, 2010). This paper builds on previous modelling work using the 3D discrete element method (DEM) to analyse structurally controlled deformations and investigates different ways to represent reinforcement. The previous work demonstrated that 3D DEM models can successfully capture the buckling and squeezing mechanisms observed in underground hard rock mines (Karampinos et al., 2015). The method allows for a more refined consideration of the role of fractures within the rock mass, including rotation of separate blocks, opening of fractures, and detachment of blocks from their initial position. The interaction of the separate blocks with the reinforcement is also modelled explicitly. The representation of reinforcement in numerical models depends on whether the tunnel is modelled in 3D, pseudo-3D (a slice of finite thickness) or 2D. 3D models can simulate explicitly the timing of support installation relative to the incremental advanceme of the face, which is important to capture in cases where the support is installed close to the face. Computational restrictions Explicit representation of rock reinforcement in 3D DEM models for foliated ground