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not found in high concentrations other than in placer and dune deposits where it has been deposited along with other heavy minerals such as ilmenite, rutile, and monazite. Such deposits have been sorted and concentrated over geological time by the action of tides, waves, and wind to form concentrated deposits of heavy minerals along old coastlines and in river beds and deltas. Consequently, zircon is mostly found in association with the principal titanium minerals ilmenite and rutile. These secondary concentrations in placer deposits provide the commercial sources of zircon. All geological materials contain natural radioactivity, although the term NORM (naturally occurring radioactive material) is mostly used for minerals and other materials with above-average uranium and thorium concentrations. Importantly, the radioactive nature of zircon has not changed, but the way in which radioactivity is viewed by regulators has, affecting the zircon industry throughout the value chain. The Zircon Industry Association (ZIA) has 23 members spanning a good part of the value chain and representing some 80% of the globally traded zircon supply. Geographically, ZIA’s members are in the USA, Latin America, Europe, Africa, and Asia. South Africa accounts for a quarter of the world’s production of zircon, being second only to Australia (40%). Major dunal sand deposits are mined in the coastal regions of ZwaZuluNatal and Namakwaland. ZIA producer members are listed in Table I. This paper describes some of the work that ZIA has commissioned over the past two years to support its members’ NORM activities, as well as on the impact of Europe’s REACH (Registration, Evaluation and Authorisation of Chemicals) regulations and their derivatives around the world.

Naturally occurring radioactive materials and the regulatory challenges to the zircon industry