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scale mining (ASM) activities worldwide has led to many countries recognizing the sector. ASM takes place in approximately 80 countries (World Bank, 2013). It is estimated that the sector employs between 20 and 30 million people around the world (Buxton, 2013). This compares to between 3 and 3.7 million in 1999 (International Labour Organization, 1999). ASM activities are widespread, occurring mostly in developing countries in Africa, Asia, Oceania, and Central and South America (World Bank, 2013). There has been a significant increase in the number of people participating both directly and indirectly in the sector and this is expected to continue given the socio-economic realities of most developing countries. High levels of poverty and unemployment and growing inequality continue to be largest problems facing the majority of developing countries today. The ASM sector plays an important role as a source of livelihoods, particularly for those residing in rural areas with limited economic opportunities. In the majority of countries, the recognition of the ASM sector was driven by its increasing contribution to socio-economic development through job creation, poverty alleviation, and rural development. In response, a number of intervention strategies were introduced in support of the sector to address its negative impacts and to increase its potential benefits. The ASM sector in South Africa was first recognized in 1994 as a vehicle to foster social and economic growth through participation of historically disadvantaged South Africans (HDSAs) in the mining industry. However, since recognition, there have been limited growth opportunities for both aspiring and existing small-scale miners. Small-scale miners are still faced with a number of challenges relating to access to mineral rights, access to capital, access to markets, inadequate skills and knowledge, access to information, access to appropriate technology, and lack of institutional support (Nellie and Petersen, 2002; Hoadley and Limpitlaw, 2004; Department of Mineral Resources, 2011; Ledwaba and Nhlengetwa, 2016). As is the case in many other African countries, South Africa continues to struggle to transform the ASM sector despite the implementation of several support programmes. While interest has grown from disadvantaged communities wishing to enter and participate in the mining The status of artisanal and small-scale mining sector in South Africa: tracking progress