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are now being experienced in many countries around the world. Herman Daly, a former World Bank economist, described this scenario as ‘uneconomic growth’, where the costs of growth exceed the benefits (Daly, 2005). This occurs when the economy’s expansion encroaches excessively on the surrounding ecosystem, sacrificing natural capital. Under such conditions the sacrificed natural capital is more valuable that the resulting economic growth. Consequently, the world faces largescale threats to sustainability and especially to the viability and continued existence of the ecosystems that support human settlements (El Zein et al., 2014). In recognition of this sustainability imperative, mining companies are increasingly concerned with their ecological footprint (EF). A number of tools are available for assessing the sustainability of an operation. While this paper does not present a comparative review of these tools (see Fang et al., 2013 for a comparison of footprint approaches), they can be briefly described as follows.

Calculating ecological footprints for mining companies - an introduction to the methodology and an assessment of the benefits