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very beneficial for the economic viability of an operation, but optimum recovery of the product is required to maximize profits (Chapman and Bindoff, 2010, p. 13). Although integrating these two requirements is very difficult, due to the various activities occurring between mining and processing, it is indispensable. The main driver of this integration is the impact that different ore types and characteristics have on head grade. According to Isokangas et al. (2012, p. 871), mining and processing operations involve a series of well-defined sequential stages that are complementary in an efficiently operating mine, with the performance of one operation affecting that of another. An attempt to optimize each function separately without considering the whole extraction process will not result in the optimum efficiency of the entire mine. Several researchers have developed a proven methodology for revealing these inefficiencies (Dance et al., 2006, p. 1). In recent years, JKTech, W.H. Bryan Research Centre (BRC), and the Julius Kruttschnitt Mineral Research Centre (JKMRC) have introduced mine-to-mill integration as a holistic approach to process optimization that would maximize the overall profitability (Rogers et al., 2012). Most of these studies considered open pit mining (Ebrahimi, 2013, p. 2) and pit-to-plant operations (Gillot, 2004, p. 1) as subjects and then generalized these specific results to underground mining operations. In most cases, these results were not applicable to underground gold mining operations. Despite the interest in investigating mine-to-mill integration at individual gold mines (Bamber, 2008, p. 5; Grundstrom et al., 2001), information on ore loss and dilution is relatively scarce as few reliable works have been documented that are applicable to conditions in South African gold mines (Onederra, 2004, p. 1). Moreover, very few techniques were previously available to measure the size distribution of rock fragments in mining and processing operations (Kanchibotla, Valery, and Morrell, 1999, p. 137). It is now possible to simultaneously evaluate in-stope fragmentation, monitor ore loss and dilution, and track ore movement in deep-level gold mining. For the mine to operate efficiently, it is necessary to compare the actual product recovered with the desired target. These two estimations must be as close to each other as possible; or equated to approximately 100 per cent, a situation that is impossible in practice. From a grade control perspective, the multitude of errors and inaccuracies with regard to the estimated gold content of the reef are hidden in the mine call factor (MCF) (Chieregati and Monitoring ore loss and dilution for mine-to-mill integration in deep gold mines: a survey-based investigation

Monitoring ore loss and dilution for mine-to-mill integration in deep gold mines: A survey-based investigation