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Blasting is one of the most economical and energy-efficient methods of rock fragmentation, and is widely used in mining, civil, construction, and environmental projects around the world. However, there are several drawbacks, including (but not limited to) complaints from nearby residents (Kahriman, 2001), damage to residential structures (Singh et al., 1997; Gad et al., 2005; Nateghi et al., 2009), damage to adjacent rock masses and slopes (Villaescusa et al., 2004; Yi and Lu, 2006; Singh et al., 2005), damage to existing groundwater conduits, and damage to the ecology of the nearby area (Khandelwal and Singh, 2007). The main cause of these undesirable effects is excessive blast-induced ground vibrations. Thus, predicting the adjacent ground vibrations is essential for safe, environmentally responsible, and sustainable blasting operations. Ground vibrations can be defined and measured in terms of peak particle displacement, velocity, acceleration, and frequency. The peak particle velocity (PPV) has been used by many researchers as a versatile metric for both predicting and controlling the blast-induced ground vibrations. There are three major methods cited in the literature for PPV prediction, including empirical, theoretical, and artificial intelligence techniques. Conventionally, there are some widely used empirical predictors for estimation of the blast-induced ground vibrations. The US Bureau of Mines proposed the first ground vibration predictor (Duvall et al., 1959). Subsequently, other empirical predictors were proposed (Langefors and Kihlstrom, 1963; Ambraseys and Hendron, 1968; Ghosh and Daemen; 1983; Pal Roy, 1993). These methods consider two main input parameters – maximum charge used per delay and distance between the blast face and the monitoring points. Despite the simplicity and fast application of these methods, several recent studies have shown their shortcomings in rendering acceptable predictions (Khandelwal and Singh, 2007). More recently, Chen and Huang (2001) conducted a seismic survey to predict blast-induced vibrations and PPV empirically. Ozer et al. (2008) examined the results of some 500 blasts in a limestone quarry in Turkey for an experimental analysis of PPV. Ak et al. (2009) performed a series of ground vibration tests in a surface mine in Turkey in order to measure PPV. Aldas (2010) proposed an empirical relationship between the explosive charge mass and PPV. Deb and Jha (2010) examined the effects of surface blasting on adjacent underground workings, using PPV measurements. Mesec et al. (2010) proposed an empirical relationship between PPV and distance for a series of vibration tests in some sedimentary rock deposits, comprising Peak particle velocity prediction using support vector machines: a surface blasting case study

Peak particle velocity prediction using support vector machines: A surface blasting case study