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For their families, the bodies of many of those hanged by the apartheid state remain missing and missed. Judicial executions, and the corpses they produced, were hidden from the scrutiny of the public and the press. While families might have known about the sentencing and fate of their relatives, and some might have come to Pretoria Central Prison to say goodbye and even attended a brief funeral service at the prison after the hanging, the state claimed and maintained control over the bodies of the condemned, both alive and dead. Families of the condemned were prohibited from viewing the bodies or attending burials, and while they could later request information about grave numbers, they were never allowed to recover the remains.1 Relatives could request that the remains be cremated but at their own cost, and even then, the ashes remained the property of the state and were not returned to the families. Many simply never knew what had become of their family members’ remains. Being prevented from seeing the body, taking the remains home, and attending or conducting a ‘dignified burial’ was a source of great sadness and distress for families.2 To add insult to injury, the bodies were buried in unmarked graves without ceremony or prayers.3 Relatives expressed disgust at the lack of care taken with the remains of hanged prisoners, lamenting the fact that their graves were ‘no more than an empty space.’4 Indeed, some sections of Mamelodi Cemetery outside Pretoria, where hanged prisoners classified by the apartheid state as ‘Bantu’ were buried, still resemble desolate fields. These missing dead who emerged from the state violence of judicial executions are now the focus of a government-run project that seeks to recover their remains, commemorate their political sacrifices and finally ‘lay their ghosts to rest’.5 The Gallows

Bureaucratically Missing: Capital Punishment, Exhumations, and the Afterlives of State Documents and Photographs