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One of the limitations for the efficient production of meat and milk in livestock systems of Venezuela is the scarcity of high-protein forage from plants adapted to the acid soils and prolonged droughts of the Llanos (savannas). The Llanos cover an estimated area of 15‒20 M ha predominantly in the southeast and southwest of the country. They are mainly covered with native grasses (Trachypogon spp.), which have low carrying capacity (0.10‒0.25 AU/ha; 1 AU = 450 kg bovine). In Venezuela silvopastoral systems are found mainly in the tropical dry forest (1,000‒1,200 mm average annual rainfall, AAR) of the savanna plains and the very dry tropical forest (800‒900 mm AAR) and semi-arid (700 mm AAR) environments of the country (Escalante 1985). Other important production areas are south of Lake Maracaibo in Zulia State and the intra-montane valleys in the central states of Aragua, Carabobo, Yaracuy, Portuguesa and Cojedes, as well as the highland dairy cattle ranch areas in the states of Táchira, Mérida and Trujillo. Despite the presence of some forage tree species that are well adapted to savanna conditions, such as samán (Samanea saman), matarratón (Gliricidia sepium) and guácimo (Guazuma ulmifolia), their potential for intensive use in agroforestry systems has not been realized. Use of these species has been limited to living fences and providing shade for livestock. Only G. sepium has been used in alley/hedgerow pastoral systems to a limited extent (Escalante 1985). Use of leucaena

Use and performance of leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala) in Venezuelan animal production systems