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Lieutenant James Cook of the HMS Endeavour arrived upon the eastern shore of Australia in 1770 and found a landscape and continent unlike anything seen before by European explorers. Overwhelmed and intimidated by Australia's harsh climate and desolate landscape, Cook and the British explorers and colonists who arrived later described a " formidable " land " nearly the reverse of what we find in England. " 1 The Europeans saw this continent as a land with few people but full of potential natural resources and land awaiting delineation into property parcels for independent ownership and efficient commercial exploitation. By comparison, the original inhabitants of Australia, the Aborigines, saw a landscape created and inhabited by ancestral spirits that provided the resources necessary for survival. The differing Aboriginal and British perceptions of Australia contributed directly to how the land was used and to the environmental problems that developed as British influence increased. Australia currently struggles with the repercussions of commercialized agriculture in an arid climate, with problems ranging from erosion to groundwater pollution to extreme soil salinization. This paper compares Aboriginal and British land use perceptions and practices in colonial Australia to examine how the process of British settlement led to severe, widespread environmental degradation across the continent. This paper begins with a brief historical overview of the Aborigines and their settlement of Australia beginning 70,000 to 40,000 years ago, focusing specifically on the structure of Aborigine society and their connection to the landscape. From there, this paper investigates the characteristics of Aborigine perceptions of the landscape, how such views influenced land management practices, and the resulting effects on the environment. The discussion then moves to the British colonization of Australia as it began in 1788, which provides context for the European presence on the continent. From there, the paper explores British perceptions of the land, followed by an investigation of British land management techniques and the environmental impacts of those methods. It concludes with an overview of contemporary ecological conditions, how they connect to the colonization of Australia, and what they mean for the future of Australia's environment. A timeline of significant events beginning with the arrival of the British in the eighteenth century is located in the appendix.

Aborigines' Dreaming or Britain's Terra Nullius: Perceptions of Land Use in Colonial Australia