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eThnologia euroPaea 42:1 A kinship-based structure preceded the state as a method of government in most of the world (Young & Willmott 2000). The socialist state sought to change this structure. This article investigates kinship in postsocialist times, as brought forth by both socialist policy and by the withdrawal of the state after 1989, with a particular focus on the Rhodop region in Bulgaria. Socialist policy sought to change and weaken kinship through two strategies: intensive urbanization and the ideology of the “monolithic Bulgarian nation”. In practice, however, these policies strengthened kinship ties (Barova 2009). The new families that settled in towns could not survive without the resources received from their relatives in the countryside; and the peasants could not produce such resources without the seasonal help of their relatives who had migrated to the towns. The extended family networks were thus kept alive. The socialist effort to consolidate the nation found expression in the invention of rituals (Hobsbawm 1983), the main goal of which was to integrate the ethnically and religiously mixed population of the country. This was done through the invention of a new genealogical history that presented Turks and Bulgarians, and also Muslims and Christians, as kinsmen. As people from a “common origin”, they had to participate together in rituals and pretend that they were relatives. In actuality, they were never integrated completely, but the development of genealogical knowledge, as inspired by the socialist state, only strengthened the 1st prize winner of the dissertation prize of the Societé Internationale d’Ethnologie et de Folklore 2011

FAMILY NETWORKS AND EXCHANGE BETWEEN TOWN AND VILLAGE The Transformation of Socialist Kinship Ideology into a Postsocialist Kinship Practice