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Abstract . The induction of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF)  was investigated in a human renal fibroblast cell line that exhibited many  characteristics of primary human renal fibroblasts. Induction of CTGF mRNA was  observed after treatment of the cells with transforming growth factor-β  (TGF-β) or, even more prominently, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). LPA  induced a rapid transient increase in CTGF mRNA expression, with maximal  levels being observed after 1 to 2 h. This increase was accompanied by CTGF  protein synthesis. Induction of CTGF was insensitive to pertussis toxin and  was not dependent on the activation of p42/44 mitogen-activated protein  kinases. Inhibition of the proteins of the Rho family with toxin B from   Clostridium difficile  abrogated basal and LPA-mediated induction of  CTGF. Specific targeting of RhoA with C3 exotoxin or of the Rho kinases with  the inhibitor Y-27632 similarly prevented induction of CTGF, implicating RhoA  as a signaling module downstream of LPA. Inhibition of RhoA depolymerized the  actin cytoskeleton, as did treatment with cytochalasin D. Preincubation of the  human renal fibroblasts with cytochalasin D prevented induction of CTGF by  LPA, indicating a strong contribution of an intact cytoskeleton. Interference  with RhoA signaling similarly inhibited the induction of CTGF by TGF-β.  Elevation of intracellular levels of cAMP and thus activation of protein  kinase A prevented induction of CTGF expression. The cytoskeletal effects of  cAMP, however, were reversed by LPA. These data indicate complex interactions  involving LPA-mediated activation of RhoA- and protein kinase A-dependent  signaling pathways. The data thus demonstrate the regulatory functions of the  small GTPase RhoA and of an intact cytoskeleton in the expression of CTGF  after stimulation with LPA or TGF-β. Analogous signal transduction  pathways were previously demonstrated in rat mesangial cells, suggesting a  more general role for RhoA in the regulation of CTGF expression.

Expression of Connective Tissue Growth Factor in Human Renal Fibroblasts