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Background  Renal water excretion is controlled by vasopressin, in part through regulation of the transcription of the aquaporin-2 gene ( Aqp2 ).   Methods  To identify enhancer regions likely to be involved in the regulation of  Aqp2  and other principal cell–specific genes, we used several next generation DNA-sequencing techniques in a well characterized cultured cell model of collecting duct principal cells (mpkCCD). To locate enhancers, we performed the assay for transposase-accessible chromatin using sequencing (ATAC-Seq) to identify accessible regions of DNA and integrated the data with data generated by chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by next generation DNA-sequencing (ChIP-Seq) for CCCTC binding factor (CTCF) binding, histone H3 lysine-27 acetylation, and RNA polymerase II.   Results  We identified two high-probability enhancers centered 81 kb upstream and 5.8 kb downstream from the  Aqp2  transcriptional start site. Motif analysis of these regions and the  Aqp2  promoter identified several potential transcription factor binding sites, including sites for two b-ZIP transcription factors: CCAAT/enhancer binding protein- β  (C/EBP β ) and cAMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB). To identify genomic binding sites for both, we conducted ChIP-Seq using well characterized antibodies. In the presence of vasopressin, C/EBP β , a pioneer transcription factor critical to cell-specific gene expression, bound strongly at the identified enhancer downstream from  Aqp2 . However, over multiple replicates, we found no detectable CREB binding sites within 390 kb of  Aqp2 . Thus, any role for CREB in the regulation of  Aqp2  gene transcription is likely to be indirect.   Conclusions  The analysis identified two enhancer regions pertinent to transcriptional regulation of the  Aqp2  gene and showed C/EBP β  (but not CREB) binding.

Genome-Wide Mapping of DNA Accessibility and Binding Sites for CREB and C/EBPβ in Vasopressin-Sensitive Collecting Duct Cells