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This paper describes and interprets tests on piles driven through glacial tills and chalk at a Baltic Sea windfarm, covering an advance trial campaign and later production piling. The trials involved six instrumented 1·37 m dia. steel open-ended tubes driven in water depths up to 42 m. Three piles were tested statically, with dynamic re-strike tests on paired piles, at 12–15 week ages. Instrumented dynamic driving and re-strike monitoring followed on up to 3·7 m dia. production piles. During driving, the shaft resistances developed at fixed depths below the seabed fell markedly during driving, with particularly sharp reductions occurring in the chalk. Shaft resistances increased markedly after driving and good agreement was seen between long-term capacities interpreted from parallel static and dynamic tests. Analyses employing the sites’ geotechnical profiles show long-term shaft resistances in the chalk that far exceed those indicated by current design recommendations, while newly proposed procedures offer good predictions. The shaft capacities mobilised in the low-plasticity tills also grew significantly over time, within the broad ranges reported for sandy soils. The value of offshore field testing in improving project outcomes and design rules is demonstrated; the approach described may be applied to other difficult seabed conditions.

Full-scale observations of dynamic and static axial responses of offshore piles driven in chalk and tills