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In fish, the hypothalamus–pituitary–interrenal axis (HPI-axis), the equivalent of the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPA-axis) in mammals, is activated during stress and leads to production and release of cortisol by the interregnal cells in the head kidney. In mammals, the cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) takes a key position in the innate immune and inflammatory responses and influences the HPA-axis. In fish, studies that address the effects of cytokines on HPI-axis activation are limited. We quantitatively assessed expression of IL-1β and its receptor, IL-1RI (the latter was cloned and sequenced), in an acute restraint stress paradigm in common carp,  Cyprinus carpio . We also considered expression of the pituitary hormones prolactin (PRL) and GH that have been shown to be structurally related to cytokines and have immunomodulatory actions. Pituitary PRL expression increased fourfold during stress; GH mRNA levels were unaffected. Following restraint, hypothalamic IL-1β expression was upregulated; in head kidney and pituitary pars intermedia, IL-1RI expression significantly increased. We suggest that during acute stress IL-1β signalling in the HPI-axis becomes more sensitive, since both ligand and receptor expressions are enhanced.  In vitro , recombinant carp IL-1β stimulates release of α-MSH and N-Ac β-endorphin from the pituitary gland. This observation concurs with increased  in vivo  plasma levels of α-MSH and N-Ac β-endorphin following restraint. Our findings combined lead us to conclude that IL-1β affects the activity of the HPI-axis and, in turn, expression profiles of genes encoding IL-1β and its receptor are modified during acute stress. Our study provides convincing evidence for bi-directional communication of the HPI-axis and the immune system in fish.

journal of endocrinology/journal of endocrinology

Central and peripheral interleukin-1β and interleukin-1 receptor I expression and their role in the acute stress response of common carp, Cyprinus carpio L.