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The extraordinary diversity of tropical herbivores may be linked to hostplant specialization driven in part by variation in pressure from natural enemies. We quantified levels of host-specificity and parasitoid attack for the specialist herbivore,  Eois  (Geometridae). The goals of this research were to examine: 1) whether  Eois  are specialized on the genus  Piper  (Piperaceae) and if hostplant specialization varies geographically; 2) whether  Eois  are equally vulnerable to parasitoid attack across different geographic regions and by the same parasitoid families; and 3) whether parasitism levels vary with precipitation and elevation. Based on over 15,000 rearings, we found  Eois  caterpillars feeding exclusively on  Piper . However, we did not detect geographic differences in host-specificity; each  Eois  species fed on an average of two  Piper  species. Parasitism levels of  Eois  varied significantly with climate and topography;  Eois  were most vulnerable to parasitoid attack in moist versus dry and wet forests and at low versus high elevations. The diversity of parasitoid families reared from  Eois  was greater in Ecuador and Costa Rica than in Panama, where parasitoids were primarily in the family Braconidae. The quantitative evidence for host-specificity provides support for the hypothesis that  Eois  are specialized on  Piper . Our results also reveal that  Eois  are exposed to a mosaic of potential selective pressures due to variation in parasitoid attack over a large spatial scale.

journal of insect science

Geographic Variation in Host-Specificity and Parasitoid Pressure of an Herbivore (Geometridae) Associated with the Tropical Genus<i>Piper</i>(Piperaceae)

Geographic Variation in Host-Specificity and Parasitoid Pressure of an Herbivore (Geometridae) Associated with the Tropical GenusPiper(Piperaceae)