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It is unknown whether loss of skeletal muscle mass and function experienced by astronauts during space flight could be augmented by ionizing radiation (IR), such as low-dose high-charge and energy (HZE) particles or low-dose high-energy proton radiation. In the current study adult mice were irradiated whole-body with either a single dose of 15 cGy of 1 GeV/n ⁵⁶Fe-particle or with a 90 cGy proton of 1 GeV/n proton particles. Both ionizing radiation types caused alterations in the skeletal muscle cytoplasmic Ca²⁺ ([Ca²⁺]i) homeostasis. ⁵⁶Fe-particle irradiation also caused a reduction of depolarization-evoked Ca²⁺ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). The increase in the [Ca²⁺]i was detected as early as 24 h after ⁵⁶Fe-particle irradiation, while effects of proton irradiation were only evident at 72 h. In both instances [Ca²⁺]i returned to baseline at day 7 after irradiation. All ⁵⁶Fe-particle irradiated samples revealed a significant number of centrally localized nuclei, a histologic manifestation of regenerating muscle, 7 days after irradiation. Neither unirradiated control or proton-irradiated samples exhibited such a phenotype. Protein analysis revealed significant increase in the phosphorylation of Akt, Erk1/2 and rpS6k on day 7 in ⁵⁶Fe-particle irradiated skeletal muscle, but not proton or unirradiated skeletal muscle, suggesting activation of pro-survival signaling. Our findings suggest that a single low-dose ⁵⁶Fe-particle or proton exposure is sufficient to affect Ca²⁺ homeostasis in skeletal muscle. However, only ⁵⁶Fe-particle irradiation led to the appearance of central nuclei and activation of pro-survival pathways, suggesting an ongoing muscle damage/recovery process.

Divergent Modification of Low-Dose 56Fe-Particle and Proton Radiation on Skeletal Muscle