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Summary The varroa mite (Acari: Mesostigmata: Varroidae) has developed resistance to the 2 major miticides (fluvalinate and coumaphos) registered for control of this invasive pest of bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the United States. Comparative studies on miticide toxicity with and without the synergists piperonyl butoxide and formamidine indicated that enhanced metabolism by mixed-function oxidases and altered target site were the major mechanisms of resistance to organophosphorus and pyrethroid insecticides in varroa mite populations of northern Florida.

Mechanisms of Insecticide Resistance in Field Populations of the Varroa Mite (Acari: Mesostigmata: Varroidae) in Florida