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Subterranean termites excavate tunnel networks to find resources (King & Spink 1969; Su et al. 2004). Tunnels are created by a rotation of individual excavators that travel towards the tip at the end of the tunnel to remove soil with their mouthparts, then reverse course and drop it along tunnel walls or into opened spaces (Bardunias & Su 2009a). Bardunias & Su (2009b) showed that the excavators are orienting the direction of tunnels by generating a vector through path integration that heads directly away from the origin of a tunnel. They follow a vector that intercepts both the tunnel’s origin and their present location, termed a Global Away Vector (GAV) (Bardunias & Su 2009b), which is the opposite of a “global” or “homing” vector, leading directly back to a path’s point of origin (Collett et al. 1998). Because bites of soil removed by the rotation of excavators in turn produce the tunnel heading, if successive termites at the tunnel tip excavate to the left and right in a haphazard fashion, the tunnel will tend to remain on course, with any change due to chance drift (Bardunias & Su 2009b). In order to turn a tunnel, the direction in which successive workers remove soil at the tip of a tunnel must coincide (Bardunias & Su 2009b). In this study, groups of termites were subjected to unilateral antennal ablation prior to tunneling to investigate the role of antennae in determining where a termite removes soil from tunnel walls. If excavation was biased towards the intact antenna, then altered termites, forced to move through a right angle bend that places the GAV in the direction of the lost antennae, should have produced tunnels that failed to turn to match the GAV. Individuals from 2 Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki colonies were collected in Broward County, FL, following Su & Scheffrahn (1986). Horizontal arenas consisted of 2 sheets of transparent Plexiglas (9 by 7.5 cm) (Fig. 1A, a), with a 0.2-cm inner Plexiglas spacer (Fig. 1A, b) surrounding an elongated hexagonal sand-filled space (6.5 cm width, 7.5 cm height). Sifted sand (Fig. 1A, c, 150-500-μm sieves, Play Sand Bonsal, Miami, FL) was moistened with deionized water

Tunnel Orientation by Workers ofCoptotermes formosanus(Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) Subjected to Unilateral Antennal Ablation