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The distribution of the rusty crayfish, Orconectes rusticus, has been purported to include large portions of Iowa and Minnesota among many other states, whereas the golden crayfish, O. luteus, has been reported from Kansas, Arkansas, Missouri, and Illinois. Recent collections made in several river basins in Iowa and southern Minnesota and examination of museum specimens collected in Iowa revealed that many records attributed to O. rusticus are in fact O. luteus. We provide a suite of quantitative and qualitative characteristics, both morphological and genetic, that distinguish O. luteus and O. rusticus and also demonstrate that female O. luteus exhibit form alternation. Comparisons of mitochondrial 16S rRNA haplotypes among populations of O. luteus, O. rusticus, O. cf. rusticus, O. placidus, and O. virilis revealed relatively high levels of sequence divergence among taxa as well as within some taxa. We conclude that O. luteus is a native species in Iowa and southern Minnesota with introduced populations of O. rusticus occurring in both states. A more thorough survey of these states, particularly Iowa, is needed to assess the distributions of O. rusticus and O. luteus .I fO. rusticus has a relatively restricted distribution in Iowa, efforts to control its anthropogenic and natural dispersal may be more effective if implemented in the near future. Our study indicates the need for more research in taxonomy, even in regions where the fauna is thought to be known well, in order for the conservation of native species and detection and management of nonindigenous species to be successful. The rusty crayfish, Orconectes rusticus (Girard, 1852), has been studied intensively during the past two decades because of its ability to be- come established and to displace other crayfish species following its introduction to a new body of water (Capelli, 1982; Capelli and Munjal, 1982; Hobbs et al., 1989; Olsen et al., 1991). Introgressive hybridization has been either suspected or documented between O. rusticus and O. propinquus (Girard, 1852) in areas where O. rusticus has been introduced (Jezer- inac, 1982; Perry et al., 2001a, b). In addition to impacts on native crayfishes, nonindigenous rusty crayfish also might alter ecological food webs, resulting in a negative influence on natural fisheries (Capelli, 1982; Olsen et al., 1991). Because of the detrimental effects of rusty crayfish on some aquatic ecosystems, it is important to identify the species accurately in order to document its present and expanding

journal of crustacean biology

Morphological and Genetic Comparisons of Golden Crayfish, Orconectes Luteus, and Rusty Crayfish, O. Rusticus, with Range Corrections in Iowa and Minnesota