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Although it is recognized that many factors interact to cause extinctions, it is difficult to consider multiple factors when investigating species declines. I conducted a post hoc exploration of the major hypotheses for the decline of the Allegheny woodrat (Neotoma magister), incorporated the historical environmental changes that accompanied and preceded the decline, and considered how these events may have affected the species. What emerges is a complicated picture involving multiple, relatively minor stressors, all attributable to human activities. The temporal pattern of the decline is most coherent when considered from a historical perspective. Among the factors that are likely to have affected Allegheny woodrats are two exotic tree pathogens, a native parasite, the proliferation of human-adapted competitors, and habitat fragmentation. In addition, changes in competitive and predatory regimes appear to have influenced the timing of the collapse. Although the historic record cannot give definitive answers, taking a synthetic, historical–ecological approach can enhance understanding of species declines.

Toward a Synthetic View of Extinction: A History Lesson from a North American Rodent