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Query by visual example is the principal query paradigm for exp ressing queries in a content-based image retrieval environment. Query by image and query by sketch have long been purported as being viable methods of query formulation yet there is little e mpirical evidence to support their efficacy in facilitating query formulation. The ability of the searcher to express their information problem to an information retrieval system is fundamental to th e retrieval process. The aim of this research was to investigate the query by image and query by ske tch methods in supporting a range of information problems through a usability experiment in order to contribute to the gap in knowledge regarding the relationship between searchers’ information probl ems and the query methods required to support efficient and effective visual query formulation. The r esults of the experiment suggest that query by image is a viable approach to visual query formulation . In contrast, the results strongly suggest that there is a significant mismatch between the search ers information problems and the expressive power of the query by sketch paradigm in supporting visual query formulation. The results of a usability experiment focusing on efficiency (time), effectiveness (errors) and user satisfaction show that there was a significant difference, p<0.001, between the two query methods on all three measures: time (Z=-3.597, p<0.001), errors (Z=-3.317, p<0.001), and satisfaction (Z=-10.223, p<0.001). The results also show that there was a significant difference in participants perceived usefulness of the query tools Z=-4.672, p<0.001.

Query by Visual Example: A Comparative Study of the Efficacy of Image Query Paradigms in Supporting Visual Information Retrieval