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Renewable energy resources have great potential as alternatives to fossil fuels for transportation and electricity generation. The International Energy Agency (IEA) reported that worldwide renewable electricity generation will exceed 7000 TWh by 20201), so that over 26 % of all electricity generation in the world will be provided by renewables. Bioenergy, a type of the renewable energy obtained from biomass or renewable biological materials, is expected to reduce atmospheric levels of greenhouse gases because plants can absorb CO2 in the photosynthetic process. The IEA reported that world biofuel production will slowly grow to 144.4 billion L in 20201). Currently, the United States and Brazil are the two major countries involved in biofuel production derived from corn and sugar cane. In contrast, OECD Asia-Oceania countries including Japan produce less than 1 % of the total world production of biofuels1). Bioenergy is categorized into three generations based on the feedstock: the first generation of bioenergy depended on sugars, starch, seeds and edible oils derived from food crops such as sugar canes, corns and grains; the second generation of bioenergy was produced from lignocellulosic biomass and non-edible oils derived from non-food crops, wood and agricultural residues; and the third generation uses algae and seaweeds. First generation bioenergy is already utilized as bio fuels in various countries; but often raises “fuel versus food” issues. In addition, biodiesel from first generation bioenergy is not a cost-effective source to reduce greenhouse gas emission2). Therefore, second and third generation bioenergy is extensively studied to reduce injudicious food crop consumption as well as control greenhouse gas emissions. The United States aims to produce 36 billion gallons of bioenergy, of which 21 billion will be obtained from cellulosic biomass, by 20223). The key problems of second and third generation bioenergy are the financial and environmental balances between energy production and consumption in the biofuel production process. In first generation bioenergy, sugars or starch are directly obtained from food crops, then biofuels are produced through saccharification (starch to sugar) and fermentation (sugar to alcohol) processes. Moreover, crop wastes such as sugar cane bagasse or corn stover can be effectively utilized as energy resources for electricity generation, which is directly consumed in the biofuel production process. In contrast, further processes are required to convert biomass into biofuels before the saccharification/fermentation processes in the second and third generation 113 Journal of the Japan Petroleum Institute, 61, (2), 113-120 (2018)

Recent Progress on Microwave Processing of Biomass for Bioenergy Production