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The LSW injection method has since gained wide attention and interest from many researchers. Nasralla et al. (2011), by conducting injection studies with deionized water and seawater, demonstrated that the former improved oil recovery significantly rather than the latter1). With the purpose of enhancing oil recovery, low salinity water (LSW) with adequate composition and salinity is injected into the reservoir, which changes the wetting properties of the reservoir rock into that favoring oil recovery2),3). There are many theories regarding the mechanisms of wettability alteration in presence of LSW which are fine migration4), the pH effects3), multiple-component ion exchange (MIE)5), and wettability modification due to double layer expansion2),6). Ligthelm et al. (2009) suggested that the application of LSW results in an expansion of the ionic electrical double layer between the clay and the oil interfaces. This causes the oil to be desorbed from the rock surface thus increasing the water wetness6). Residual oil determination is in part dependent on the wettability of the rock. Wettability measurements are performed in laboratory by several methods. Among many, there are the sessile drop method and zeta potential, which provide the results in terms of contact angle. For this case, the degree of wetness is determined following certain classifications. According to Fanchi et al. (2010), a reservoir rock is considered strongly water wet if the contact angle with reference to water varies between 0-30°; moderately water wet is from 30-70°; neutrally wet 75-105°; moderately oil-wet 105-150° and finally 150-180° for strongly oil-wet7).

journal of the japan petroleum institute

Experimental Investigation into Effects of Crude Oil Acid and Base Number on Wettability Alteration by Using Different Low Salinity Water in Sandstone Rock