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Ethanol production from lignocellulose is attracting the attention of biomass researchers because lignocellulose do not compete with food crops, and exists abundantly1)~4). Topics that have been the focus of research in recent years include pretreatment5),6), enzyme development7), production or detoxification of fermentation inhibitors8),9), development of ethanol producing microorganisms10) and reactor setup11), and system analysis and development12),13). In the ethanol production process, promoting cellulose hydrolysis to produce glucose is a challenge. Due to its rigid crystalline structure, enzymes are only able to hydrolyze cellulose at a very slow rate. To circumvent this problem, two-stage hydrolysis is conducted, where hydrothermal pretreatment is followed by enzymatic hydrolysis. The hydrothermal pretreatment removes lignin and hemicellulose so that enzymes can get access to the cellulose, modifies the structure of cellulose so as to reduce its crystallinity (allowing enzymes to hydrolyze cellulose to glucose much easily), and finally dissolves and then hydrolyzes part of the cellulose; this means that some amount of glucose is produced by this pretreatment14),15). However, due to the complex phenomena that take place in hot, compressed water, optimization of the hydrothermal pretreatment is a challenge. Petchpradab et al.15) employed a reaction network to explain the changes observed during rubber wood treatment. They observed that without treatment, the enzymes were unable to hydrolyze cellulose. However, after hydrothermal pretreatment, the same enzymes were able to convert part of the cellulose into glucose. The phenomenon occurring in hot, compressed water should be the combined effects of lignin and hemicellulose removal, reduction in crystallinity, and hydrolysis itself. The authors assumed this change to be a first order reaction. The reaction network is shown in Fig. 1, where C denotes original cellulose which is not hydrolyzed by a chosen enzyme, C* denotes cellulose which can be hydrolyzed by the enzyme, G denotes glucose, and D denotes further decomposed products from glucose. They succeeded to determine the reaction rate constant for each reaction in the network so that the model could reproduce the experimental results. However, it is unclear whether these reaction rate constants can be applied to other feedstocks. It has also been reported that hydrothermal pretreatment produces fermentation inhibitors such as furfural16). However, it is not clear whether the amount of fermentation inhibitors produced is the same for all varieties of biomass. The information regarding the dependence of feed164 Journal of the Japan Petroleum Institute, 57, (4), 164-170 (2014)

Comparative Study of Hydrothermal Pretreatment of Eucalyptus and Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch for Ethanol Fermentation