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Establishment of a robust energy supply chain (the so-called smart grid) will depend on the development of various options for energy production. Energy biomass, a large supply of available natural organic material close to the energy production site, can be stored safely without special requirements, and the chemical structure includes hydrogen. Pure hydrogen production from biomass would provide an ideal source for sustainable energy conversion because the biomass can be used as fuel for a hydrogen fuel cell, which produces electricity more efficiently from chemical substances compared with combustion. To achieve energy effectiveness, hydrogen formation from the biomass must require low energy input, that is, without drying and at lower temperature. In addition, a rapid conversion process has to be developed to utilize the biomass as the hydrogen source. One of the candidate technologies with low energy input and high speed conversion is gasification in high temperature high pressure water. However, to improve energy effectiveness, the operating temperature must be reduced because heating water requires high energy input due to the high heat capacity. Gasification of biomass in high temperature high pressure water has been studied widely due to the high gas yield at relatively low temperature. However, almost all experiments have been performed at over 300 °C1) and the energy profit ratio decreases with increasing operating temperature. Some studies have shown that gasification was successfully achieved below 300 °C, but required noble metal as catalyst2) so the operating cost would be raised because of low supply and high demand for noble metals. Partial oxidation of organic material in high temperature high pressure water produces varying yields of hydrogen controlled by the operating parameters3),4). The intermediate of hydrogen formation is formic acid and decomposition of formic acid effectively occurred in the presence of catalysts4). However, further study is required to improve the gasification efficiency by partial oxidation of 219 Journal of the Japan Petroleum Institute, 55, (4), 219-228 (2012)

Hydrogen Formation from Biomass Model Compounds and Real Biomass by Partial Oxidation in High Temperature High Pressure Water