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Atomization and Sprays, 24 (4): 303–348 (2014) INJECTION OF WATER-IN-OIL EMULSION JETS INTO A SUBSONIC CROSSFLOW: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY Chris D. Bolszo, Vincent G. McDonell, ∗ Guillermo A. Gomez, & G. Scott Samuelsen Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-3550, USA Address all correspondence to Vincent G. McDonell E-mail: mcdonell@ucicl.uci.edu Original Manuscript Submitted: 8/6/2013; Final Draft Received: 11/13/2013 In this work, the influence of introducing water in oil, as an emulsion, in a liquid jet injected into a gaseous crossflow is investigated. Of particular interest is the relationship between emulsion charac- teristics on spray penetration and spray droplet size. Tests are conducted at atmospheric conditions, with liquid jet-to-crossflow momentum flux ratios spanning 30–120, and water addition to 40% by mass. Gas velocities range from 20 to 80 m/s and liquid velocities from 10–20 m/s are considered. Backlit high-speed video is used to document the overall spray characteristics and laser diffraction is used to measure the spray droplet sizes. Sobel edge filtering and intensity thresholding are utilized to establish the spray plume upper edge for the spray morphology, which was used to establish the spray trajectory. The Buckingham π theorem is used to identify the important functional groupings for the current physical problem. For time-averaged trajectories, an existing liquid jet trajectory equation form from Wu and co-workers successfully correlates the penetration of emulsion spray plumes. These findings show that momentum flux of the bulk emulsion jet remains the dominant factor governing jet penetration. The influence of emulsification on spray plume droplet size distributions is quanti- fied in the current work. A new nondimensional quantity is proposed to account for the effect of body forces and repulsive interfacial tension on correlating breakup. For the conditions studied, an addi- tional primary breakup mode for emulsions, interfacial tension breakup, is identified and observed to influence spray plume development and droplet size. KEY WORDS: jet in crossflow, jet penetration, droplet size, interfacial tension, laser diffraction spectroscopy, high-speed cinematography, Buckingham π theorem 1. INTRODUCTION In many applications, liquid atomization is achieved by injecting a column of liquid as a plain jet, perpendicularly (or angles near to) into a gaseous flow. This strategy has been utilized for various combustion systems including rocket propulsion, turbofan, turbojet, c 2014 by Begell House, Inc.