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A new species of Trachycorystes from the rio Aripuanã, above Dardanelos and Andorinhas falls, is described. The new species is distinguished from the only other species of the genus, T. trachycorystes, by the following characteristics: jaws of equal length (vs. lower jaw prognathous in T. trachycorystes); skull roof covered by thick (vs. thin) integument; inner mental barbel very thin and short not reaching base of outer barbel (vs. extending to or beyond base of outer mental barbel); dorsal-fin spine serrated posteriorly, smooth or rough anteriorly (vs. serrated anteriorly and smooth or rough posteriorly); caudal fin shallowly forked (vs. emarginate); and gas bladder simple, without diverticula (vs. with three posterior diverticula). Comments and data on the nominal species Trachycorystes trachycorystes are provided. Trachycorystes cratensis Miranda Ribeiro, 1937, is allocated to the genus Trachelyopterus Valenciennes, 1840, and another local catfish species, Parotocinclus aripuanensis Garavello, 1988, has its type locality reassigned.Descreve-se uma espécie nova de Trachycorystes proveniente do curso superior do rio Aripuanã, acima das cachoeiras Dardanelos e Andorinhas. A espécie nova diferencia-se da outra espécie do gênero, T. trachycorystes, pelos seguintes caracteres: maxilas de mesmo comprimento, isto é, mandíbula não prognata (vs. mandíbula prognata em T. trachycorystes); teto do crânio coberto com pele espessa (vs. fina); barbilhão mental muito fino e curto não alcançando a base do barbilhão pós-mental (vs. estendendo-se até a base do barbilhão pós-mental ou além); espinho da nadadeira dorsal com a borda anterior lisa ou rugosa e a posterior com serras retrorsas (vs. borda anterior com serras e a posterior lisa ou rugosa); nadadeira caudal bifurcada (vs. emarginada); bexiga natatória simples, sem divertículos (vs. com três divertículos posteriores). Comentários e dados sobre as outras espécies nominais de Trachycorystes são apresentados. Trachycorystes cratensis Miranda Ribeiro, 1937, é transferido para o gênero Trachelyopterus Valenciennes, 1840, e retificam-se dados sobre a localidade-tipo de Parotocinclus aripuanensis Garavello, 1988.Leandro M. Sousa prepared the photographs of Trachycorystes menezesi and of the gas bladders of the new species and T. trachycorystes. José L. O. Birindelli prepared the map of the region of Aripuanã. Naércio A. Menezes read the manuscript and presented a series of important suggestions to improve it. We are especially grateful to Mark H. Sabaj-Pérez (ANSP) for invaluable comments and corrections to the manuscript and for sending the photographs of Trachycorystes trachycorystes (Fig. 4) prepared by Mélyne Hautecoeur. Wolfgang J. Junk sent to MZUSP the bulk of specimens that facilitated description of the new species. We also thank the people mentioned in the Introduction who participated in the INPA trip to rio Aripuanã in November 1976. We are grateful to Paulo A. Buckup (MNRJ) for making possible the loan of the type specimen of Trachycorystes cratensis. This study has benefited from grants to H. A. B. from the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) and to A. A. from the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

New species of Trachycorystes Bleeker, with comments on other species of the genus (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes: Auchenipteridae)