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OBJECTIVES: Patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and unilateral severe hippocampal sclerosis (HS) may have contralateral temporal scalp ictal onset. This has recently been called burned-out hippocampus, which is believed to be a rare entity. In this study we report four patients with unilateral hippocampal sclerosis and contralateral ictal onset registered by scalp electrodes. We discuss the importance of such cases in presurgical evaluation of patients with TLE, as well as possible strategies used for evaluation of these particular cases. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We reviewed charts from all patients with TLE submitted to pre-surgical evaluation, which included high resolution MRI and prolonged video-electroencephalogram (video-EEG) monitoring with scalp and sphenoidal electrodes, during a three-year period (2002-2004). We looked for patients who only had seizures that were clearly contralateral in location to the atrophic hippocampus. RESULTS: Four patients fulfilled the criteria above. Two of these patients had semi-invasive video-EEG monitoring with foramen ovale (FO) electrodes, which revealed seizures originating from the temporal lobe with the atrophic hippocampus, hence confirming false lateralization in the scalp-sphenoidal EEG. These patients were submitted to surgical treatment and had favorable prognosis after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Burned-out hippocampus syndrome may not be as rare as it was previously believed. Further studies will be necessary before one can affirm that patients with unilateral HS and scalp ictal EEG showing contralateral ictal onset may be operated without confirmation of the epileptogenic zone by invasive monitoring. In these patients, semi-invasive monitoring with FO electrodes might be an interesting alternative.RESUMO OBJETIVOS: Pacientes com epilepsia do lobo temporal (ELT) e esclerose hipocampal (EH) unilateral acentuada podem apresentar início ictal contralateral à EH no registro com eletrodos de superfície. Esta situação foi recentemente chamada de burned-out hippocampus, que pode corresponder a uma entidade rara. Nesse estudo, nós relatamos os casos de quatro pacientes com EH unilateral marcada e início ictal contralateral à EH nas crises registradas com eletrodos de escalpo. Nós discutimos a importância desses casos na avaliação pré-cirúrgica de pacientes com ELT, bem como as possíveis estratégias utilizadas na avaliação desses pacientes. PACIENTES E MÉTODOS: Nós revisamos os dados de todos os pacientes com ELT submetidos a avaliação pré-cirúrgica, que incluiu ressonância magnética (RM) de encéfalo de alta definição e monitorização prolongada com vídeo-eletroencefalograma (vídeo-EEG) com eletrodos de superfície, em um período de 3 anos (2002-2004). Procuramos por pacientes que apresentaram apenas crises com início ictal contralateral ao lado da EH. RESULTADOS: Quatro pacientes preencheram os critérios acima. Dois desses pacientes foram submetidos a monitorização semi-invasiva com eletrodos de forame oval (FO), que mostraram crises com origem no lobo temporal com o hipocampo atrófico, confirmando assim a falsa lateralização no EEG com os eletrodos de superfície. Esses pacientes foram submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico e apresentaram prognóstico pós-operatório favorável com relação ao controle das crises. CONCLUSÃO: Burned-out hippocampus pode não ser tão raro quanto se acreditava antes. Mais estudos serão necessários antes que seja possível afirmar que pacientes com EH unilateral e crises com início ictal contralateral à EH no registro com eletrodos de superfície podem ser operados sem confirmação da zona epileptogência através de monitorização invasiva. Nesses pacientes, a monitorização semi-invasiva com eletrodos de FO pode ser uma alternativa

journal of epilepsy and clinical neurophysiology

Temporal lobe epilepsy with unilateral hippocampal sclerosis and contralateral temporal scalp seizure onset: report of four patients with "burned-out hippocampus"