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The present study was developed in the Sao Pedro and Sao Paulo Archipelago, with the objective to describe the structure of the microphytoplankton community, and establish its diurnal and spatial variation. The samplings were carried out in two stations (Enseada and Cabeco da Tartaruga) during five consecutive days (May 12 to 16, 2008) of the rainy season, during early morning and late afternoon, by subsurface horizontal hauls of 10 minutes duration with plankton net of 45 μm of mesh size. A total of 131 taxa were recorded, out of which 117 in Cabeco station and 89 in Enseada. The group of dinoflagellates was the most diverse, represented by 90 taxa belonging to 17 genera, highlighting the Ceratium genus with 33 species. The cyanophyceae Trichodesmium thiebautti Gomon ex Gomont was the only dominant species in the area, influencing the community structure, and serving as indicator species for the area. There was a greater number of species at the Cabeco than in Enseada. The marine planktonic oceanic species predominated, with 61.26% of the overall species richness. The diversity and evenness were in general higher in both sampling stations. At Cabeco station, the values of species diversity were between a minimum of 0.76 bits.cell-1 and a maximum of 4.27 bits.cell-1 and evenness varied between 0.16 and 0.84. At the Enseada station, it was registered a minimum of 2.91 bits.cell-1 and a maximum of 3.87 bits.cell-1, and evenness with minimum and maximum values of 0.64 and 0.84, respectively. The cluster analysis showed the formation of three distinct associations of species, with Cabeco and Enseada species in separate groups, highlighting the differences between the communities of the two studied sites. In each station, there was no significant difference between samples of different hours. The study area is characterized by a floristic composition typical of stable, transparent and oligotrophic waters.

A comunidade microfitoplanctônica do Arquipélago de São Pedro e São Paulo (Atlântico Norte-Equatorial): variação diurna e espacial