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We investigated the chromosomal constitution of patients with mental retardation and/or congenital malformations in order to determine genetic causes for such disturbances. The GTG and CBG banding patterns were studied using phytohemagglutinin M-stimulated lymphocytes cultured from peripheral blood. Among 98 individuals with mental retardation and/or congenital malformations who were analyzed there were 12 cases of Down's syndrome, two of Edward's syndrome, one of Patau's syndrome, five of Turner's syndrome, two of Klinefelter's syndrome, one of "cri-du-chat" syndrome, one case of a balanced translocation between chromosomes 13 and 14, one case of a derivative chromosome and one of a marker chromosome. We found abnormal chromosomes in 26% of the patients, 82% of which were numerical abnormalities, with the remaining 18% being structural variants. We conclude that patients with mental retardation and/or congenital malformations should be routinely karyotyped. Neste estudo investigamos a organização cromossômica de pacientes com retardo mental e/ou malformações congênitas, visando a avaliação de causas genéticas associadas a estes distúrbios. Os padrões de bandas GTG e CBG foram estudados a partir da cultura de linfócitos de sangue periférico, estimulados por fitohemaglutinina M. Dentre os 98 indivíduos portadores de retardo mental e/ou malformações congênitas analisados, diagnosticamos as seguintes síndromes: 12 casos de Down, dois de Edwards, um de Patau, cinco de Turner, dois de Klinefelter, um de "cri-du-chat", e um caso de translocação balanceada entre os cromossomos 13 e 14, um caso de cromossomo derivado e um outro de cromossomo marcador. Encontramos anomalias cromossômicas em 26% dos pacientes, das quais 82% eram alterações numéricas e o restante (18%) representou rearranjos estruturais. Este percentual significativo enfatiza o uso da cariotipagem de rotina em pacientes com retardo mental e/ou malformações congênitas

Chromosomal investigations in patients with mental retardation and/or congenital malformations