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The physic nut (Jatropha curcas L.) has great potential for use in biodiesel production due to the high oil content of its seeds. Production of high quality seeds depends upon the appropriate time of harvest. A field experiment was carried out to monitor the maturation process of physic nut seeds and to establish the ideal harvest time of the seeds based on external fruit color. Fruits were collected at different maturation stages based on the external color: green, yellow-green, yellow, yellow-brown and brown. Seeds were extracted manually and, after natural drying, were submitted to the following tests and determinations: moisture content and dry matter, germination, first count seedling emergence, seedling growth, accelerated aging, electrical conductivity, the weight of thousand seeds and oil content. A randomized design was used with four replications. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and, for each test, treatment means were compared by Tukey test at 5% probability. Physic nut seeds with high physiological quality are obtained from yellow and yellow-brown fruits. Seeds from green fruits have lower physiological quality, dry matter and oil content than the other maturation stages. The seeds obtained from brown fruits have a high germination potential, but have low vigor in relation to yellow and yellow-brown stages. O pinhão manso (Jatropha curcas L.) tem grande potencial para ser utilizado na produção de biodiesel, pelo elevado teor de óleo de suas sementes. A colheita das sementes em momento adequado é fundamental para se obter sementes de elevada qualidade. Foi conduzido um experimento de campo para monitorar o processo de maturação das sementes de pinhão e estabelecer o ponto ideal para a colheita das sementes com base na coloração dos frutos. Para isso, foram colhidos frutos em diferentes estádios de maturação com base na coloração externa: verde, verde-amarelo, amarelo, amarelo-marrom e marrom. As sementes foram extraídas manualmente e, após secagem natural, foram submetidas aos seguintes testes e determinações: grau de umidade e massa seca, germinação, primeira contagem de germinação, emergência de plântulas, crescimento de plântulas, envelhecimento acelerado, condutividade elétrica, peso de mil sementes e teor de óleo. Utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e, para cada teste, as médias dos tratamentos foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey (p < 0.05). Sementes de pinhão manso de alta qualidade fisiológica são obtidas de frutos amarelos e amarelo-marrons. Sementes obtidas de frutos verdes têm menor conteúdo de massa seca, de óleo e qualidade fisiológica inferior às dos demais estádios de maturação. As sementes obtidas de frutos marrons possuem elevado potencial de germinação, no entanto apresentam menor vigor em relação às dos estádios amarelo e amarelo-marrom

Relationship between fruit maturation stage and physiological quality of physic nut (Jatropha curcas L.) seeds