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it was realized that if antiretroviral medicines were used in combination, HIV replication could be slowed significantly, allowing time for the immune system's CD4 cells to recover (1). This therapy, highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), or the " AIDS cocktail, " restored the health of persons dying of AIDS, and persons living with HIV lived longer before succumbing to life-threatening immune suppression. Fifteen years after the discovery of AIDS, the advent of HAART breathed hope into the disease previously considered a death sentence. Canada, promised " One World, One Hope. " Yet many at that conference correctly predicted that this new and expensive lifelong therapy would cause an even sharper division between two worlds—the nations of the North and the nations of the South—since access to HAART would be out of the reach of the majority of those suffering from HIV/AIDS (2). In the subsequent four years, as many as 12 million people died because they had no access to these drugs. Extending access to HAART to people from poor countries was considered too expensive and too difficult. Moreover, there was a widely held belief that treating AIDS would siphon resources away from other public health priorities, particularly programs to prevent HIV. Africa, was entitled " Break the Silence. " That title was intended to heighten global awareness about the enormous AIDS treatment gap between rich and poor countries. The silence was indeed broken that year. Activists, including many themselves living with AIDS, raged against the lack of funding for the epidemic and the lack of access to life-saving antiretroviral therapy. The sentiment of the Durban conference and the groundwork laid by people across the sectors of health, economics, law, and human rights led to the United Nations Special Session on AIDS and to creation of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria in 2001 (3). There was finally a funding mechanism designed to address the AIDS crisis, and the hope for a way to move toward the optimistic proclamation made in Vancouver five years before. The first grants from the Global Fund were released in late 2002, and since then bilateral aid to heavily affected countries has been increased as well. In July of this year, eight years since the promise of " One World, One Hope, " the XVth International AIDS Conference was held in Bangkok, Thailand. Its title, " Access for All, " was a …

The International AIDS conferences from Vancouver to Bangkok: how far have we come in eight years?