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Since the 1980’s, international organizations like the World Health Organization, the Pan American Health Organization, Ministries and Secretariats responsible for local health guidelines in different countries have recognized the consequences of psychoactive substance use, not only for the individual consumer, but also for families, other related persons and communities in general. The 2002 World Health Report indicated that 8.9% of the global number of diseases result from psychoactive substance consumption. The same report informed that, in 2000, tobacco was present in 4.1%, alcohol in 4% and illicit drugs in 0.8% of the global disease burden. Part of this burden, related to substance consumption and chemical addiction, results from sanitary and social problems, including the dissemination of HIV/AIDS through the use of injectable drugs. Different health problems associated with the consumption and addiction to tobacco, alcohol and other licit and illicit substances require greater attention from health professionals and demand appropriate reactions and public policies, with a view to solving or at least minimizing these problems in different societies. There are still a lot of gaps to fill in knowledge about issues related to substance use and chemical addiction. Hence, it is important to join the efforts of representatives from all social sectors: politicians, lawmakers, researchers, health professionals and other groups of civil society. For health professionals, chemical addiction is not a new problem; it is hard to find a professional who has not attended psychoactive substance users with diseases related to alcohol or tobacco consumption. One essential issue nowadays is the change in attitudes towards this clientele, since prejudice and discrimination feature among the main obstacles to treatment and care for persons facing chemical addiction and related problems. A study held by the World Health Organization in 2001, aimed at evaluating attitudes towards 18 disabilities in 14 countries, disclosed that “harmful substance use” ranked first or among the first in terms of disapproval or social prejudice. Health professionals were among the persons who gave their opinion and nurses certainly are no exception. Studies in the United States and Brazil have already showed nurses’ discomfort in working with this population, as well as the limited theoretical-practical knowledge they receive during education. It is known that psychoactive substance consumption is and will continue as a part of daily work in nursing and other health services; its presence can no longer be ignored, sometimes much closer than we want, but that is no reason to ignore it. The use of alcohol and other drugs is occupying a place in society which used to belong to other habits; it is undeniable that (young and adult) people are searching for the pleasant, relaxing or anaesthetic effects of these substances. First, attitudes towards this problem and its serious consequences must change in public bodies, including those responsible for health. It is the function of nurses to seek knowledge about the theme and change the attitude of denying the problem, in order to face questions such as the use of psychoactive substances and dependence, involving actions based on humanitarian standards and respect for citizenship. No matter the level of consumption and the kind of substance that is used, users are individuals with the same

Uso de sustancias psicoactivas, un nuevo viejo desafío