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This paper presents an overview of the development of HIV/AIDS in South Africa, taking into consideration the social context and analyzing the factors most likely to have influenced its spread as well as the societal response to it. The authors argue that macro factors such as social and political structures, in addition to behavioral ones, have combined to shape the course of the epidemic. Since various factors linked to social inequalities have combined to shape the pattern and growth of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in South Africa, it is inappropriate to focus on only one dimension in an attempt to combat the epidemic. Following the psycho-socio- environmental model, all potential contributing elements need to be addressed simultaneously. This calls for a true interdisciplinary and multi-sectorial approach. It also requires great commitment as well as strong political will. O artigo apresenta um panorama da epidemia de HIV/AIDS na África do Sul, levando em conta o contexto social e analisando os principais fatores que influenciaram sua disseminação, assim como, a resposta pela sociedade sul-africana. As autoras argumentam que fatores macro, tais como estruturas sociais e políticas, além de fatores comportamentais, agiram em conjunto para configurar o curso da epidemia. Uma vez que vários fatores, associados a desigualdades sociais, influenciaram o padrão e o crescimento da epidemia do HIV/AIDS na África do Sul, é inapropriado focalizar apenas uma dimensão da epidemia na tentativa de combatê-la. Todos os elementos que possam influenciar o curso da epidemia devem ser abordados simultaneamente, de acordo com o modelo psico-sócio-ambiental. Tal abordagem deve ser verdadeiramente interdisciplinar e multi-setorial, o que também requer grande compromisso e vontade política

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