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1967) drai­nage systems. The genus has not been adequately revised, but it appears tobe represented by only two species in the Amazon Basin. The Amazonianspecies are much confused in the literature, but easily distinguished uponexamination of live or dead specimens.Colossoma macropomum is the second largest scaled fish (after Arapaimagigas, Osteoglossidae) in the Amazon Basin and reaches at least one meter intotal length and 30 kg in weight (Fig. 1). The fish possesses the uniquecombination of molariform-like teeth adapted for crushing hard nuts and nu­merous elongated gillrakers that are employed to capture zooplankton (Fig. 2).Also noteworthy are its elongated opercula that support large fleshy flaps.The enlarged opercular appendages help increase water flow (with zooplankton)through the gills. Colossoma brachypomum is a smaller fish, but still reachesat least 90 cm in total length and 20 kg in weight. It is easily distinguishedfrom C. macropomum by the triangular space between the first and secondtooth rows in its premaxillae, its small gillrakers and the presence of teethon the maxillary bones (C. macropomum has no maxillary teeth).Young to pre-adult C. macropomum are ovoidal to rhomboidal shapedfishes, but during ontogeny into adults gradually become more elongated. Inyounger individuals (less than about 40 cm standard length) the cusps ofthe molariform-like teeth are higher and sharper than the lower and blunterprojections of adults. Two conical teeth rest posteriorly against the symphysealpair in the lower jaw, and give the impression of being .supports for thefront members. The premaxillae are endowed with two rows of teeth, andthe four posterior elements - unlike in C. brachypomum - are set flushagainst the front members.The gillrakers of C. macropomum range from about 85-100 in number onthe first branchial arch. Each gillraker is endowed with microscopic ctenoid­like structures that alternate with one another on the internal side of eachfilament. Short, supplementary gillrakers reduce the space between the largerelements at the base of the branchial arches.The stomach is well defined and very elastic in C. macropomum. Betweenthe stomach and upper intestine are a larger number of pyloric caeca, whoseMuseu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Belem, Para.

Life history and management of the tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum, Characidae): an important Amazonian food fish