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Surveys of soybean (Glycine max) seed grown in South Brazil revealed infection with Fusarium graminearum. To determine if members of this complex were pathogenic to soybean, six strains derived from soybean were added to soil at a rate of 10³ macroconidia/ ml or individual pods were inoculated with 10(4) macroconidia/ml. Seedlings grown in infested soil developed small necrotic lesions in the crown and upper roots. Pods inoculated with conidia developed large (>1 cm), dark brown, necrotic lesions. Younger pods inoculated with the fungus blighted and dropped from the plant. Strains of the F. graminearum complex recovered from lesions on the crown, roots and pods of soybean plants were identified as lineage 1, 2 or 8 by obtaining the DNA sequence from the EF1-alpha gene and comparing it to strains of the known lineage. Two strains of F. graminearum lineage 7 from the U.S. caused similar symptoms of the disease on soybean. Mycotoxin tests on soybean and wheat (Triticum aestivum) indicate that most Brazilian strains produce nivalenol as the major trichothecene mycotoxin rather than deoxynivalenol. In addition, strains from lineages 2 and 8 produce the novel trichothecene, 3-acetylnivalenol. Amostras de sementes de soja (Glycine max) produzidas no Sul do Brasil estavam infetadas com Fusarium graminearum. Para determinar se membros desse complexo de espécies eram patogênicos à soja, seis isolados do fungo, originados de sementes soja, foram adicionados ao solo numa densidade de 10³ macroconídios/ml ou vagens foram inoculadas individualmente com 10(4) macroconídios/ml. Plântulas crescidas em solo infestado desenvolveram pequenas lesões necróticas na coroa e na parte superior das raízes. Vagens inoculadas com conídios desenvolveram lesões necróticas marrom-escuro grandes (> 1 cm). Vagens jovens inoculadas com o fungo secaram e caíram da planta. Isolados de F. graminearum recuperados das lesões das coroas, raízes e vagens das plantas de soja foram identificadas como pertencentes aos grupos de compatibilidade 1, 2 ou 8, através da análise da seqüência de DNA do gene EF1-alfa, quando comparados com as linhagens conhecidas. Dois isolados de F. graminearum dos Estados Unidos, pertencentes ao grupo de compatibilidade 7, causaram sintomas semelhantes em soja. Testes das micotoxinas produzidas em soja e trigo (Triticum aestivum) indicaram que a maioria dos isolados Brasileiros produz Nivalenol, como a principal toxina dos tricotecenos, ao invés de Deoxinivalenol. Em adição, os isolados dos grupos 2 e 8 produziram uma nova toxina, o 3,Acetil-Nivalenol

Soybean pod blight and root rot caused by lineages of the Fusarium graminearum and the production of mycotoxins