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The objective of this work was to estimate the coefficient of parentage and to understand the genetic structure of 90 elite soybean cultivars, which are adapted to different Brazilian environments. A total of 4,005 coefficients of parentage (f) were obtained and used to group the cultivars by UPGMA method. The constructed dendrogram showed several related cultivar groups which shared similar ancestors and clearly showed the genetic structure of the main Brazilian cultivars. Effective population sizes (Ne) were also estimated for cultivars in different generations. The average f = 0.2124 value, obtained from cultivars classified into four decades according to the release year, suggested effective soybean population sizes of 11 and 13 calculated using arithmetic and weighted means, respectively. The relatively small Ne and the high parentage coefficient support the conclusion that there is a high similarity degree among the main soybean cultivars in Brazil. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar o coeficiente de parentesco e conhecer a estrutura genética de 90 cultivares elites de soja adaptadas aos diferentes ambientes brasileiros. Foram obtidos 4.005 coeficientes de parentesco (f), os quais foram utilizados para realizar o agrupamento das cultivares, pelo método UPGMA. O dendrograma formado permitiu observar vários grupos de cultivares que se aproximaram por possuírem ancestrais comuns, e mostra a estrutura genética das principais cultivares indicadas para o Brasil. Foi estimado também o tamanho efetivo populacional (Ne) de cultivares em diferentes gerações. O valor de f calculado (f = 0,2124) comparado com as médias ponderada e aritmética das cultivares organizadas segundo os períodos de lançamento durante quatro décadas revela que o Ne para a soja é de 11 e 13, para a média aritmética e ponderada, respectivamente. O Ne relativamente pequeno e o alto coeficiente de parentesco sustenta a conclusão de que existe alto grau de similaridade entre as principais cultivares de soja indicadas para o Brasil

Genetic characterization of ninety elite soybean cultivars using coefficient of parentage