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The Oswaldo Cruz Institute, founded on May25th, 1900 under the name “Instituto SoroterapicoFederal” (Federal Serotherapic Institute), has al-ways played an important role in the Brazilian soci-ety. Its foundation aimed at controlling the bubonicplague, the yellow fever and the smallpox, whichraged all over the city of Rio de Janeiro at that time.Such diseases were decimating the population, hin-dering the economic and social development of thecountry as the foreign ships, the only internationalmeans of transport then, were not allowed to anchorin our ports due to their unsanitary conditions.The two first papers – “Contribution to the studyon culicidae in Rio de Janeiro” and “The anti-plague vaccination” , in Brazil-Medico , volume 15,numbers 43 and 45 respectively – published in1901 by Oswaldo Cruz in this Institute, soon afterits creation, illustrate the institution’s vocation tobiomedical research and public health.The discoveries that took place in this Instituteas well as its countless research works helped Bra-zil to be awarded with the first prize (beating 123competing countries) at the International HygieneExposition in Berlin in 1907. This fact promptedthe National Congress to pay homage to OswaldoCruz, naming the Institute after him, by officialdecree number 1802, of December 12th 1907.The “Temple for Science”, symbolized by theMoorish Castle (Fig. 1), was ordered by OswaldoCruz as of 1904. It was built on the top of a hill onthe Manguinhos Farm in Rio de Janeiro in order toexhibit to the world the new status of the Brazilianpublic health. Like the Alhambra Palace on theSabika hills overlooks the city of Granada in Spain,our castle overlooked the sea. As a matter of fact,there are many similarities between the two pal-aces. The Moorish style – the Spanish-muslim ar-chitecture from the period between the 9th and12th centuries –, the mosaic and pottery featuresand the sculptured brick and wood work make usthink that the castle must have been inspired byThe Alhambra palace. However, there is no evi-dence of Cruz’s thoughts at that time.Our “Temple for Science” today comprises fif-teen departments and sixty research laboratories;twelve centers of reference and four institutionalcollections, with more than 350 researchers (mostof whom hold a PhD); it also includes a TeachingDepartment with over 600 students in post-gradu-ation courses (Master’s, Doctorate, intensive andadvanced training) as well as scientific initiationand vocation. We also publish the most modernand important scientific publication about biomedi-cal research in Latin America – the Memorias doInstituto Oswaldo Cruz – founded in 1909. TheManguinhos Application Course, also founded in1909 may be considered as the first official post-graduation course in Brazil.Besides being the pride of Brazilian Science,the Oswaldo Cruz Institute is one of the most pro-ductive research institutions in this country. It sup-ports several programs from other institutes in-side the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation such as the“Biomanguinhos Institute”, which produces vac-cines against yellow fever and other important dis-eases affecting public health; the “FarmanguinhosInstitute”, responsible for the production of basicmedicines for the Ministry of Health; the “QualityControl Institute”; the “Fernandes Figueira Insti-tute”, as well as works in cooperation with somenational and foreign universities.The twelve reference centers of the OswaldoCruz Institute grant an important support to the Na-tional Health Foundation and the Public HealthLaboratories from all Brazilian states. Such centersare responsible for the diagnosis of yellow fever,respiratory virus-infections, measles, viral hepati-tis, infectious diarrhea (cause of the great infantmortality), leprosy, vectors of malaria, the Chagasdisease, schistosomiasis and leishmaniasis.The Oswaldo Cruz Institute is regarded as agenuine institution of national integration as it de-velops researches throughout the interior of thecountry, from the State of Amazonas to the Stateof Rio Grande do Sul, specially in the northeast-ern, middle-western and the Amazon regions.

The Oswaldo Cruz Institute and its importance in the Brazilian society. Perspectives for the 21st century