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Syncope, the transient loss of consciousness and postural tone, is one of the oldest of recorded medical problems. Indeed, Hippocrates, the father of medicine, recorded the first description of syncope, and it is from the Greek that we derive the medical term for fainting (syncoptein to cut short). Both a sign and a syndrome, syncope may result from a wide variety of causes. Over the last decade, considerable attention has been focused on one particular cause of syncope, the phenomenon previously called vasovagal syncope. Research into the nature of this disorder has demonstrated that it is only one aspect of a much broader group of disturbances of the autonomic nervous system that may lead to hypotension, orthostatic intolerance, and ultimately syncope. Indeed, recent discoveries have caused us to reevaluate our entire classification of autonomic disorders, and to develop a new system that better reflects our current knowledge. Because it is the cardiologist and the clinical cardiac electrophysiologist who are now frequently called upon to recognize and treat these disorders, this review is designed to acquaint the reader with these conditions, their diagnosis, and management.

A review of the classification, diagnosis, and management of autonomic dysfunction syndromes associated with orthostatic intolerance