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Diapoma is reviewed and four species are recognized: (1) Diapoma thauma, new species, from streams of the rio Jacuí basin, state of Rio Grande do Sul; (2) D. pyrrhopteryx, new species collected from the rio Canoas and streams flowing into this basin in the states of Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina, Brazil; (3) Diapoma terofali, from streams flowing into rio Uruguay in Uruguay and Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil and streams flowing into rio de la Plata, Argentina; and (4) Diapoma speculiferum, from lowland coastal streams in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil and Uruguay. Diapoma pyrrhopteryx possess the posteroventral opercular elongation typical of D. speculiferum, type species of the genus, but which is absent in D. thauma and D. terofali. Nonetheless, all the diapomin species have the caudal pouch organ about equally developed in both sexes and the dorsal portion of the pouch opening bordered by a series of 3 to 8 elongated scales, the two derived features that characterize the group. The two previously described species, D. speculiferum and D. terofali, are redescribed. Previous hypotheses of relationships among the diapomin genera Planaltina, Diapoma and Acrobrycon are discussed on the basis of preliminary morphological information. It is proposed that the Diapomini is a monophyletic group. An identification key, information on sexual dimorphism, gonad anatomy, reproductive mode and distribution of the species of Diapoma are provided.Diapoma é revisto e quatro espécies, são reconhecidas: (1) Diapoma thauma, espécie nova, de riachos bacia do rio Jacuí no estado do Rio Grande do Sul; (2) D. pyrrhopteryx, espécie nova, coletada no rio Canoas e riachos que desembocam nesta bacia hidrográfica nos estados do Rio Grande do Sul e Santa Catarina, Brasil; (3) Diapoma terofali, de riachos que desembocam no rio Uruguai, Uruguai e Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil e riachos pertencentes à bacia do rio de La Plata, Argentina; e (4) Diapoma speculiferum, de rios costeiros de planície no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil e Uruguai. Diapoma pyrrhopteryx possui o alongamento da parte póstero-ventral do opérculo, típico de D. speculiferum, espécie tipo do gênero, mas que está ausente em D. thauma e D. terofali. Entretanto, todas as espécies têm o órgão caudal em forma de bolsa quase igualmente desenvolvido tanto em machos como em fêmeas e porção dorsal da abertura do órgão margeada por uma série de 3 a 8 escamas alongadas, que representam as duas características exclusivas do grupo. As duas espécies previamente descritas, D. speculiferum e D. terofali são redescritas. Hipóteses prévias de relações filogenéticas entre os gêneros de Diapomini, Planaltina, Diapoma e Acrobrycon são discutidas com base em informações morfológicas preliminares. É proposto que o grupo a que pertencem, Diapomini, é monofilético. Uma chave para identificação, informação sobre dimorfismo sexual, anatomia das gônadas, modo de reprodução e distribuição geográfica das espécies são incluídos.This study greatly benefited from funds provided by the Neotropical Lowland Research Program (NLRP) of the International Environmental Science Program of the Smithsonian Institution. This program was under consecutive direction of R.P. Vari and W.R. Heyer for the duration of this research. The Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Brazil, also provided travel and per diem funds for laboratory research in São Paulo and Washington, D.C. to NAM under a research fellowship. The following individuals and institutions greatly contributed to this study by sending museum catalog numbers, specimens on loan, locality information, specimen data and species photographs: Jeffrey Clayton (USNM), William Smith-Vaniz, Scott A. Schaefer and Mark Sabaj (ANSP); Barry Chernoff and Mary Anne Rogers (FMNH); Gerald R. Smith (UMMZ); Cristiano Moreira (Universidade Federal de São Paulo), Luiz Malabarba and Guilherme L.F. Correa (UFRGS), and Roberto E. dos Reis, Carlos A.S. de Lucena and Margarete S. de Lucena (MCP). Irani Quagio Grassioto (UNESP - Botucatu) and Luiz R. Malabarba (UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul) made available the facilities of their laboratories to carry out light and electron microscopy on Diapoma thauma and D. pyrrhopteryx. Fig. 24 was prepared in Malabarba's laboratory. Katiane M. Ferreira (MZUSP) prepared specimens for histological sections. Eduardo Baena and André Mendonça (MZUSP) took photographs of the species and Gláucia Marconato (MZUSP) prepared all the drawings of fish structures. Leandro Sousa, André Luiz Netto-Ferreira and José Luís O. Birindelli (MZUSP) provided computer assistance. Richard Vari kindly read the manuscript, added useful sugestions and helped to improve the English version. Collections permits were issued by the Instituto Brasileiro de Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis (IBAMA

papéis avulsos de zoologia

A systematic review of diapoma (teleostei: characiformes: characidae: stevardiinae: diapomini) with descriptions of two new species from southern Brazil