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Marine bioactive components from marine resources such as oils from fish, algae and the blubber of of marine mammals (seals and whales) and shark liver contain high level of w3-polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20I:5w3), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, C22I:5w3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22I:6 w3), chitin, chitosan, enzymes, peptides, vitamins (A, D and E), seaweeds, protein hydrolysates (Suleria et al., 2016; Rasmussen & Morrissey, 2007; Lordan et al., 2011). Among marine bioactives, fish oils have received much attention in recent years. The importance of long chain n-3 fatty acids found in seafood is known worldwide and essential for the management of cardiovascular diseases. The consumption of polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially EPA and DHA from the omega-3 fatty acid series can prevent the formation of many diseases in humans, especially cardiovascular disorders by reducing risk factors such as heart arrhythmias, blood pressure, triglyceride concentrations and platelet aggregation (Raatz & Bibus, 2016; Fung et al., 2009; Mol, 2008). On addition, human diet enriched with fish oil was determined to have beneficial effects in the prevention of cognitive disorders (Graciano et al., 2016; Pinel et al., 2014) and brain development for children and aged people (He et al., 2017). High-dose fish oil (>6 g/day) and concentrated omega-3 fatty acids (4 g/day) are used as triglyceride lowering agents in patients with significant hypertriglyceridemia (Asztalos et al., 2016). While 1 g fish oil capsule containing up to 200 mg of DHA and 300 mg of EPA is recommended by the health service, two capsules are recommended daily for preventive therapy. DHA is a significant component of the brain, retina and sperm. Problems such as depression, memory loss, Alzheimer’s, schizophrenia and visual disorders arise from the decrease of DHA level in brain cells (Kaya et al., 2004). Children who consumed fish at least twice a week, including one of the fatty fish, were found to be less likely to show emotional and behavioral problems than those did not (Gispert-Llaurado et al., 2016). Rendeiro et al. (2016) suggested that a diet rich in omega-3 PUFAs might help cure neurogenic deficits induced by chemotherapy. Dmega-3 fatty acids protect against the development of certain cancers such as breast (Rendeiro et al., 2016; Palmquist, 2009; Stoll, 2002) and prostate cancer (Otsiopoulos et al., 2009). Fish oils are also known to have beneficial effects in diabetic patients (Pinel et al., 2014). Moreover, fatty acids have been reported to have positive effects in the treatment of patients with AODS (Vieira & Silveira, 2017; Tort et al., 2016). Given the high benefits of consuming seafood in human health, the American Heart Association Nutrition Committee suggests eating fish of 2 or 3 times a week (Kris-Etherton et al., 2003; Mnari et al., 2007).

Fish oil for human health: omega-3 fatty acid profiles of marine seafood species