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Corresponding address: Patrícia Aparecida Zuanetti HCRP – USP/CEOF – Centro Especializado de Otorrinolaringologia e Fonoaudiologia Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900 – Ribeirão Preto CEP: 14048-900 – Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil E-mail: pati_zua@yahoo.com.br ABSTRACT Purpose: to determine whether undernutrition in the first years of life affects the phonological awareness skills, the phonological working memory and the school performance of children. Methods: the participants were children with a history of moderate/severe undernutrition during their first years of life (G1) who achieved nutritional recovery (n = 15). The performance of G1 in different cognitive tasks (phonological awareness at the syllable and phoneme level, phonological working memory – repetition of digits and pseudowords, and reading, writing and arithmetic activities) was compared to that of children with school difficulties (G2) (n = 15) and without school difficulties (G3) (n = 15), all eutrophic ones. Results: the performance of G1 was worse than that of the other two groups in all tasks evaluated (mean score of G1, G2 and G3 and p-values: phonological awareness: 31, 41, 57 0.01; repetition of direct order digits: 18, 23, 28 0.001; writing: 4, 10, 22 0.001; reading: 26, 45, 65-0.001; arithmetic: 4, 7, 110.001). Conclusion: the results demonstrate that undernutrition affected the cognitive development, causing changes in important cognitive skills for the development of written language.

Early undernutrition as a cause of changes in phonological processing skills