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Hormonal contraceptives are used by approximately half of female athletes and may affect athletic\udperformance as a result of their action on the endogenous hormonal milieu. In athletes, hormonal\udcontraceptive use appears to have little effect on body composition, however further studies are needed\udassessing progestin-only contraceptives as they may have a negative effect in the general population.\udThe type of progestin contained within the contraceptive may infl uence the anabolic response of muscle\udto loading although this relationship is complex as it may be due to either direct or indirect effects of\udexogenous hormones on protein synthesis and satellite cell proliferation. The altered hormonal milieu in\udhormonal contraceptive users has predominately been shown to have no effect on muscle strength and\udwhilst maximal oxygen uptake is sometimes reduced, this does not translate into measures of performance.\udThe majority of previous research has used cross-sectional designs and/or grouped together different\udtypes and brands of hormonal contraceptives and little research has been conducted on progestin-only\udcontraceptives in athletes. Future research should use prospective, randomised-controlled designs to\udassess the effects of all types of hormonal contraceptives on athletic performance in females

A perspective on current research investigating the effects of hormonal contraceptives on determinants of female athlete performance