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Increased adhesive temperature has been reported to promote solvent evaporation, reduce viscosity, and improve monomeric permeation into dentin.  Objective The aim of this study was to determine the influence of different heating methods on the microtensile bond strength of an etch-and-rinse adhesive to dentin.  Material and method Twenty-four caries-free extracted human third molars were transversally sectioned to expose a flat dentinal surface. The samples were etched with 37% phosphoric acid gel and divided into three groups (n = 8): 1) Control - the adhesive system (Adper Single Bond 2; 3M ESPE) was applied at room temperature; 2) Warming device - the adhesive was warmed to 37°C in a custom device before application; and 3) Warm air - the adhesive was warmed to 50°C with an air jet after application on dentin. The specimens were restored with a composite resin (Filtek Z250 A2, 3M ESPE) and prepared for microtensile bond strength testing, after 24 h in water storage. The data were subjected to one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (p < 0.05).  Result There was no significant difference among the groups (p > 0.05). The mean bond strength values in the control, the warming device, and the warm air groups were 48.5 (± 5.2), 40.35 (± 4.9), and 47.2 (± 5.3) MPa, respectively (p = 0.05).  Conclusion The different heating methods had no significant influence on the immediate microtensile bond strength of an etch-and-rinse ethanol-based adhesive to dentin

Influence of a heating device and adhesive temperature on bond strength of a simplified ethanol-based adhesive system