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This essay discusses three different approaches to the study of deliberation in parliaments: empirical, rhetorical and systemic. Materials and Methods: Through a critical review of the scientific literature, this work addresses some conceptual and analytical problems of the empirical-quantitative strategies aimed at measuring parliamentary deliberation, emphasizing the utility of the rhetorical and systemic approaches to grasp the agonist component of parliamentary debates and also their embeddedness within the broader political system. Results: The paper shows that deliberative dynamics within the democratic chambers cannot be reduced to a formal, closed and quantifiable debate. Hence, it proposes an alternative model for the analysis of deliberative processes in this institution. Discussion: The heterogeneous nature of parliaments recommends studying the deliberative phenomenon in different moments and instances, which includes formal debates, closed door meetings and even informal exchanges outside the plenary and committees. This view challenges the dominance of the empirical-quantitative framing of parliamentary deliberation in the scientific literature and supports a more holistic research strategy based on the combination of the empirical, rhetorical and systemic approaches. KEYWORDS: parliaments; deliberation; rhetoric; Discourse Quality Index; literature review. O processo deliberativo nos parlamentos: uma revisao das abordagens empiricas, retoricas e sistemicas RESUMO Introducao: Discutimos tres abordagens diferentes para estudar o processo de deliberacao nos parlamentos: empirica, retorica e sistemica. Materiais e Metodos: Atraves de uma revisao critica da literatura cientifica, abordamos alguns problemas conceituais e analiticos das abordagens empirico-quantitativas destinadas a mensurar a deliberacao parlamentar, enfatizando a utilidade das abordagens retoricas e sistemicas para apreender o componente conflitivo dos debates parlamentares e sua insercao no sistema politico mais amplo. Resultados: A dinâmica deliberativa das câmaras democraticas nao pode ser reduzida a um debate formal, fechado e quantificavel. Por isso, propomos um modelo alternativo para a analise dos processos deliberativos. Discussao: A natureza heterogenea dos parlamentos recomenda analisar o fenomeno deliberativo em diferentes momentos e instâncias, que incluem debates formais, reunioes a portas fechadas e ate trocas informais fora do plenario e das comissoes. Essa visao desafia o predominio do enquadramento empirico-quantitativo da deliberacao parlamentar na literatura e defende uma estrategia de pesquisa mais holistica, baseada na combinacao das abordagens empirica, retorica e sistemica. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: parlamentos; deliberacao; retorica; Indice de Qualidade do Discurso; revisao da literatura.

Deliberation in parliaments: a review of the empirical, rhetorical and systemic approaches