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This review of the state of art aimed to present the most recent data on neuronal, neurochemical, hormonaland genetic bases of paternal care using MEDLINE and PsycInfo databases (1970-2013). Anintegrated model of biological substrates that assist men in the transition to fatherhood is presented.Guided by a genetic background, hypothalamic-midbrain-limbic-paralimbic-cortical circuits werefound to be activated in fathers when infant stimuli are presented. A set of specifi c neuropeptides andsteroid hormones are produced and seem to be related to brain activation, potentiating the paternalphenotype. Together, genetic, brain and hormonal processes suggest the existence of biological basesof paternal care in humans, activated and enhanced by infant stimuli and responsive to variations inthe father-infant relationship.A presente revisão teve por objectivo apresentar o estado de arte dos dados mais recentes sobre asbases neuronais, neuroquímicas, hormonais e genéticas da paternidade, com recurso às bases de dadosMEDLINE e PsycInfo (1970-2013). É apresentado um modelo de integração conceptual dos substratosbiológicos que assistem os homens na transição para a parentalidade. Guiado por um backgroundgenético, circuitos neuronais hipotalámicos-mesencefálicos-límbicos-paralímbicos-corticais surgemativados em pais quando lhes são apresentados estímulos infantís. Um conjunto de neuropéptidos ehormonas esteróides são também produzidos e relacionam-se com a activação neuronal, potenciando ofenótipo paternal. No seu conjunto, processos genéticos, neuronais e hormonais sugerem a existênciade uma base biológica do comportamento paternal em humanos, activada e potenciada por estímulosinfantís e responsiva a variações na relação pai-filho.This investigation is granted byFoundation for Science and Technology of PortugueseGovernment (SFRH/BD/76104/2011)

The state of art of biological processes in paternal care