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Variations in dissolved oxygen levels are common in the Amazonian aquatic environments and the aquatic organisms that inhabit these environments developed a variety of adaptive responses to deal with such conditions. Some Amazonian fish species are tolerant to low oxygen levels and the cichlid  Astronotus ocellatus  is one of the most hypoxia-tolerant species. Herein, we aimed to unveil the biochemical and molecular responses that  A. ocellatus  presents when submitted to hypoxia. Hypoxia indicators were measured, such as plasma glucose, plasma lactate, hepatic glycogen and relative transcript levels of prolyl hydroxylase 2 ( phd2)  and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α ( hif-1α ) in juveniles of approximately 50 g exposed to 1, 3, and 5 hours of hypoxia (0.7 mg O 2 .L -1 ), followed by 3 hours of recovery in normoxia (6 mg O 2 .L -1 ). Fish exposed to hypoxia reduced liver glycogen levels within 3 hours of hypoxia, when comparing with 1 hour, and increased plasma glucose and lactate. Under the same condition,  phd2  transcripts levels increased in gills, but decreased in liver. In contrast, hypoxia did not affect relative gene expression of  hif-1α  in both tissues. Based on the transcription pattern of  phd2 , these results showed that liver and gills of  A. ocellatus  have different molecular strategies to cope with environmental hypoxia.

genetics and molecular biology

Influence of hypoxia on biochemical aspects and on expression of genes related to oxygen-homeostasis of the Amazonian cichlid Astronotus ocellatus (Agassiz, 1831)