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Peanut is a crop of the Kayabi tribe, inhabiting the Xingu Indigenous Park, Brazil. Morphological analysis of Xingu accessions showed variation exceeding that described for cultivated peanuts. This raised questions as to the origin of the Xingu accessions: are they derived from different species, or is their diversity a result of different evolutionary and selection processes? To answer these questions, cytogenetic and genotyping analyses were conducted. The karyotypes of Xingu accessions analyzed are very similar to each other, to an  A. hypogaea  subsp.  fastigiata  accession and to the wild allotetraploid  A. monticola . The accessions share the number and general morphology of the chromosomes; DAPI +  bands; 5S and 45S rDNA loci distribution and a high genomic affinity with  A. duranensis  and  A. ipaënsis  genomic probes. However, the number of CMA 3   +  bands differs from those determined for  A. hypogaea  and  A. monticola , which are also different from each other. SNP genotyping grouped all  Arachis  allotetraploids into four taxonomic groups: Xingu accessions were closer to  A. monticola  and  A. hypogaea  subsp.  hypogaea . Our data suggests that the morphological diversity within these accessions is not associated with a different origin and can be attributed to morphological plasticity and different selection by the Indian tribes.

Brazilian Kayabi Indian accessions of peanut, Arachis hypogaea (Fabales, Fabaceae): origin, diversity and evolution